4.1 Spontaneous Processes. Illustration at the Molecular Scale
4.1.1 Spatial rearrangement
4.1.2 Heat Transfer
4.1.3 A First Glance at Entropy
4.2 First Formulation of the Second Law4.1.2 Heat Transfer
4.1.3 A First Glance at Entropy
4.3 Carnot Cycle. Heat Engine. Thermodynamic Temperature
4.3.1 Carnot Cycle.
Operation of an Engine
4.3.2 Reversible Cycles of Two Distinct Systems
4.3.3 Definition of the Thermodynamic Temperature
4.4 Entropy. Reversible and Irreversible Processes4.3.2 Reversible Cycles of Two Distinct Systems
4.3.3 Definition of the Thermodynamic Temperature
4.4.1 Definition
4.4.2 Entropy is a State Function
4.4.3 Implications of the Second Law towards Entropy and Spontaneity of Processes
4.4.4 System in Contact with a Single Thermal Reservoir
4.4.5 System in Contact with Several Thermal Reservoirs
4.4.6 Other Formulations of the Second Law. Equilibrium Condition
4.4.7 Thermal Equilibrium
4.4.8 Differential Expression for the Internal Energy of a Closed System
4.4.9 Maximum Usable Work during a Process
4.4.10 Entropy Change during a Monothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas
4.5 Carnot Cycle of an Ideal Gas4.4.2 Entropy is a State Function
4.4.3 Implications of the Second Law towards Entropy and Spontaneity of Processes
4.4.4 System in Contact with a Single Thermal Reservoir
4.4.5 System in Contact with Several Thermal Reservoirs
4.4.6 Other Formulations of the Second Law. Equilibrium Condition
4.4.7 Thermal Equilibrium
4.4.8 Differential Expression for the Internal Energy of a Closed System
4.4.9 Maximum Usable Work during a Process
4.4.10 Entropy Change during a Monothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas
4.5.1 Isothermal
(Reversible)
Process of an Ideal Gas
4.5.2 Reversible Adiabatic Process of an Ideal Gas
4.5.3 Properties of the Cycle
4.6 Heat Engines, Refrigerators, Heat Pumps4.5.2 Reversible Adiabatic Process of an Ideal Gas
4.5.3 Properties of the Cycle
4.6.1 Thermal Machines
4.6.2 Efficiency of an Engine
4.6.3 Refrigerator, Air Conditioner, Heat Pump
4.7 Internal Combustion Engine4.6.2 Efficiency of an Engine
4.6.3 Refrigerator, Air Conditioner, Heat Pump
4.7.1 The Otto Cycle or
Beau de
Rochas Cycle
4.7.2 Efficiency of an Engine
4.8 Other Examples4.7.2 Efficiency of an Engine
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main pageModified January 10 2007